Cultural Frame Essay Picasso Free Essays

Evaluate the view that art reflects the social values of a particular time and place. â€Å"Painting isn’t an aesthetic operation; it’s a form of magic designed as a mediator between this strange, hostile world and us, a way of seizing the power by giving form to our terrors as well as our desires† this quote by Pablo Picasso allows the audience to delve deeper into his emotions and what has finally persuaded Picasso to enter the art world. Art reflects the social values of a particular time and place; this can be seen throughout many of Picasso’s artworks throughout time, and how he and his techniques have changed over the period of his career. We will write a custom essay sample on Cultural Frame Essay Picasso or any similar topic only for you Order Now Pablo Picasso was one of the twentieth century’s most famous artists. Picasso was born in Spain in 1881 and died in South France aged 92. During his life time Picasso had an enormous impact on the Western Art world. Guernica is a grey, black and white painting which reaches 3. 5 meters tall and 7. 8 meters wide. The painting shows images of people and animals suffering as well as buildings destroyed by the violence and chaos. The painting is depicted within a room where there are animals and people all over the place, at an open end on the left a bull can be seen standing over a woman who is grieving over a lost child. The centre of the painting is occupied by a horse that is falling as it has just been struck. Picasso’s art work Guernica is one of the most well-known artworks he has completed; created in 1937 this picture depicts an image responding to the bombing of Guernica by the Germans and Italians during the Spanish Civil War. Throughout the work of Guernica we see images which connect Picasso to his homeland, Spain. One of Spain’s most well known icons is the use of the bull; the bull is seen as a brave animal and is used often as a symbol of struggle, courage and victory. Bulls have been seen throughout a number of Picasso’s works as they have close relations to his past, since his childhood he has loved the figure of the bull and has used it in many images throughout his career. Picasso uses the use of the bombing in Guernica as the main theme of his artwork, using history in his art making. Throughout Picassos painting career he went through a number of periods, Picasso’s Blue period (1900 – 1904) shows a time when Picasso painted mostly in shades of blue, these works were inspired by Spain even though they were painted in Paris. These works all seemed to reflect Picasso’s experience with relative poverty and instability. Picasso’s blue period represents him at a time when he was dealing with his depression after the shocking death of his friend, although he was not there to witness this event it still had a large impact on Picasso, the drama from this event emerged throughout several of his works. One of Picasso’s early works from his Blue Period was the Blue Nude created in 1902; this painting is a part of his blue period, it shows the talent that Picasso possesses as it still managed to highlight deep feelings with the use of only one colour pallet. Blue Nude depicts the image of a woman who is sitting with her back towards us holding her knees as if she is in the search for security and comfort. These artworks allow the audience to have a deeper understanding on how Picasso has changed over the course of his art life and how issues have impacted him on his painting styles and techniques. Picasso has used his memories and feelings in his art making to show the deeper meaning of society, throughout his blue period he painted a lot of the real, raw people of Paris (e. g. prostitutes, beggars and drunks) which shows what influenced him at the time. Another one of Picasso’s artworks is Bullfight: Death of the Toreador this artwork shows a clear indication to how Picasso has progressed and moved though his periods. The artwork is full of colour and incorporates his love of bullfighting. Picasso often painted bullfights which were held on Sundays when he was unable to attend them. Interestingly this work was not painted in his home town, Spain, but painted in Paris. The painting depicts a grey house in a panicking state, the horse is painted with heavy brushstrokes which show a tonal contrast which enhances the moment we see the bullfighter’s death. The grey tones used on the horse makes the horse less obvious to the viewing audience. The presents of the horse and the man is taken up by the mass of red cape which twirls in between the bull and the fighter. The colour in this painting creates a powerful scene of energy, violence and death. This picture shows an influence to the Spanish culture, as mentioned before, the bull is an important part of the Spanish culture, the bull represents struggle, courage and victory, bull fighting was seen as a way to prepare for the war. By including the bull fighting scene in this artwork Picasso has added something which is important to him and his cultural background. Art reflects the social values of a particular time and place, Picasso show’s this through a number of his works. He has emphasised his values towards his culture by the symbols he uses in his artworks to make them personal (e. g. the bull and the use of blue tones) the personalisation of his works enable us to have a greater understanding of the message Picasso is trying to convey to the audience. How to cite Cultural Frame Essay Picasso, Essay examples

Juvenile Justice Laws

Question: Write your paper comparing and contrasting each program. Include the following elements in your paper: A detailed description of each program (including APA citation and references as to where you found the information) Goals, successes, and failures of each program Your conclusion about which program you think would be most effective in treating and rehabilitating juvenile delinquents Answer: Comparative study of Juvenile Justice Aftercare Programs Introduction The contemporary times has witnessed a growing concern for the increasing crowd in the juvenile correctional facilities (Bernard Kurlychek, 2010). With each passing day there are high rates of recidivism, increasing expenses for confinement and this has generated adequate interest in the efforts to bring in changes and innovation in the aftercare programs of the juveniles and in the practice and philosophy of parole. Regrettably, it has been observed that the field of juvenile corrections has a miserable record for the reduction of the rates of offenders of juveniles who have been released from secure confinement. Research on the juvenile justice aftercare programs have indicated that if failure occurs with subgroups of released juveniles it is seen that most of these offenders have a long record of misconduct that generally commences at a very early age (Benekos Merlo, 2008). These youths who are at high risks exhibit a particular and constant style of justice system such as arrests, placements or adjudication and are also plagued by some other risk factors based on several needs (Halbrook, 2013). Usually these factors are combined with various problems such as ones relating to family, peer pressure, difficulties in school and substance abuse. Additionally, these need related problems are also accompanied by other ancillary requirements and problems. In order to counter these issues in juvenile justice system, a number of Community-Based Aftercare Programs has been organized in the past few decades in different states of the United States. These aftercare programs mainly focus on the serious juvenile offenders and take steps to intensive supervision to ensure safety of the public and aid in the proper reintegration process which allows these offenders to be released before their term as a result reduce recidivism in those juveniles who are released from residential facilities (Hill, Lockyer Stone, 2007). In this study the researcher examines two aftercare programs prevalent in the United States and makes a comparative analysis between them. Juvenile Justice Aftercare Programs Juvenile Justice Aftercare program introduced by the United States Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs had introduced intensive aftercare programs for the high risk juveniles. This model involves the assessment and relevant research on the implementation and operation of aftercare programs based on the juveniles released from correctional facilities (Dum Fader, 2013). Further it involves the development of appropriate program models and such policies which would be helpful for the states, correctional agencies and policy makers. The project design also includes the making of prototypes and such policies and procedures so that a proper training and technical assistance can be created. Later these prototypes are tested and implemented in different jurisdictions. In order to deal with the different types of risk factors related to these juveniles the juvenile aftercare program model is formed to deal with the problems (Evans-Chase Zhou, 2012). The schematic model has been shown below. This theory driven empirical model focuses on these risk factors and models and also creates clear and comprehensive guidelines which have specific and tangible programs and are based on the required services. The primary goals of this aftercare program is to reduce recidivism of the juvenile parolee population, structure the juvenile justice delivery system and research on the size, nature and availability in different states of United States. This Intensive Aftercare Program is based on the following principles required for reintegration. Firstly, it prepares the youth for gaining responsibility and freedom in the community (Frederick Roy, 2003). Secondly, it facilitates communication and involvement of the youth; thirdly, it focuses on working with offenders and community support systems which are essential for interaction and successful return of the juveniles to the society (Montague, 2003). Fourthly the program tends to develop new resources and support whenever required and finally is also monitors the ability of the youth to work productively with the community. States such as California has adopted this aftercare program to implement it in their state. The next program to deal with is an initiative of the Juvenile Law Center which based its aftercare model on the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Model to change the aftercare reform situation in the states . This model was implemented in the state of Pennsylvania and a Joint Policy Statement on Aftercare was developed to deal with the juvenile system. Some of the key state agencies adopted this Model in 2005 and since then this Joint Policy Statement has become an organizing tool for efforts of reform, aspiration that is also converted into policies and procedures. The Policy defines aftercare as a commencement of disposition (Wells, 2006). It implies that the program identifies the connections to aftercare services and support programs for the youth in placement. The primary aim of the Model is to improve the aftercare services for the juveniles and also supervise these juveniles so that juveniles get a chance to succeed after releasing from the correctional homes. The program contributes to the workgroups all over the state to address aftercare and work with stakeholders from the courts, education system and probation. These reform efforts are coordinated at the country and state levels so that these efforts have a much wider and national perspective. The Model tends to ensure that the juvenile youths develop skills to become productive members of the communities when they return to their societies. Conclusion A constructive comparison of the two models of Juvenile aftercare depict that the primary aims and objectives of these programs is to ensure that the juveniles are successfully returned to their societies. However the approach of the two models are different and hence the result and success of these Models would differ. It has been observed that the Intensive Aftercare Program established by the United States Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs tend to have more emphasis and a better success rate due to the main fact that the Model is more focused on the involvement of the youth and the relationship between them and the community support system. Whereas the later model used in Pennsylvania needs to be more constructive and focused. The juvenile aftercare models of the state must ensure that the juveniles are dealt with maturity and the models should focus more on the communities also where the juvenile are sent after they are released. References Benekos, P., Merlo, A. (2008). Juvenile Justice: The Legacy of Punitive Policy.Youth Violence And Juvenile Justice,6(1), 28-46. doi:10.1177/1541204007308423 Bernard, T., Kurlychek, M. (2010).The cycle of juvenile justice. New York: Oxford University Press. Dum, C., Fader, J. (2013). These Are Kids Lives!: Dilemmas and Adaptations of Juvenile Aftercare Workers.Justice Quarterly,30(5), 784-810. doi:10.1080/07418825.2011.628946 Evans-Chase, M., Zhou, H. (2012). A Systematic Review of the Juvenile Justice Intervention Literature: What It Can (and Cannot) Tell Us About What Works With Delinquent Youth.Crime Delinquency,60(3), 451-470. doi:10.1177/0011128712466931 Frederick, B., Roy, D. (2003).Recidivism among youth released from the Youth Leadership Academy to the City Challenge Intensive Aftercare Program. Albany, NY: New York State Division of Criminal Justice Services. Halbrook, K. (2013).Nobody but us. New York: HarperTeen. Hill, M., Lockyer, A., Stone, F. (2007).Youth justice and child protection. London: J. Kingsley Publishers. Montague, K. (2003).Aftercare strategy. [Baltimore, Md.]: Maryland Dept. of Juvenile Justice. ncjrs,.Intensive Aftercare for High-Risk Juveniles. Retrieved 24 January 2015, from https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles/juvcc.pdf Wells, J. (2006). A Quasi-Experimental Evaluation of a Shock Incarceration and Aftercare Program for Juvenile Offenders.Youth Violence And Juvenile Justice,4(3), 219-233. doi:10.1177/1541204006290153

Service Encounter Service Enquiry Desk in a Library

Executive Summary A service encounter is an essential aspect for any organization. This is because, it gives the definition of the direct interaction exhibited between service firms and their clients. A service encounter is the foundation of building trust in customers with regard to service offering of an organization. In addition to this, a service encounter serves as the basis in which customer satisfaction is realized.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Service Encounter: Service Enquiry Desk in a Library specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Without service encounters, a business cannot realize its targets. Service encounter links up the business with the clients through interaction. Further, it is through service encounters that a firm can realize its position in the competitive market. Precisely, it is through service encounters that the extent of market share an organization is associated with will be determined . The desirability as well as the quality of the service encounter are vital elements and as such, a firm should consider sufficiently when making decisions regarding the most viable service encounter that should be undertaken. Introduction Foremost, a service represents the action of executing or performing something for something or even someone. Usually, a service is intangible. Therefore, a service context has involved the creation of a series of challenges for the manager assigned to the duties of marketing for; he has the responsibility of communicating the benefits of a certain service. He does this by drawing parallels while incorporating imagery as well as the ideas, which not only can they be identified but are also tangible (Hoffman, Kelley Rotalsky 2005). Service marketing as a subgroup of marketing can be categorized into two, that is; marketing of fast moving consumer goods and durables better referred to as FMCG and service marketing. Typically, the service marketing concept pertains to both business to business and business to consumer services. It includes such aspects as telecommunication, hospitality, air travel, financial and professional services among others.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The practice of service encounter A service encounter is a term commonly used to define the direct interaction exhibited by service firms and its customers (Bitner et al. 1990). According to many scholars, a service encounter can assume three forms, which include; telephone encounters, remote encounters as well as face to face encounters. With regard to remote encounters, they basically involve interactions, which are technology based and as such; they are usually between as a customer and a machine or self service devices such as vending machines. In these forms of encounters, there are no human actors from the firm involved. Contrary to thi s form of service encounter, telephone as well as face to face encounters involves human interactions (Carlzon 2007). Thesis statement For the purpose of this paper, a remote service encounter will be considered as one that might occur in my organization. My organization is a library where people come and assess the academic materials. In the near future, the organization is contemplating introducing a service inquiry desk where students will get help from qualified librarians. From this desk, the students will be able to establish the range of books regarding a certain topic and be helped to know where they are situated in the library. In addition to this, from this inquiry desk, the students will be able to borrow books for a specified period of time depending on the level of education being pursued. The rationale for selecting this service encounter is that; value will be created and therefore student’s satisfaction. Discussion Elements of the service encounter A service e nquiry desk is constituted of both the tangible as well as the intangible elements. In order to understand these, a Shostack’s molecular established in the early 1980s will be used. It is a molecular model and as such, it utilizes the aspect of analogy in an effort towards helping in the visualization as well as in the management of the total marketing entity by the marketers. Usually, the model is applicable to both products as well as services. She made an important and worthwhile observation that, just like in chemical formulations; a change in one element can cause a significant change to the entity (Grà ¶nroos 2007).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Service Encounter: Service Enquiry Desk in a Library specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Service elements are both tangible (peripheral evidence) and the intangible (essential evidence) elements. Tangible (peripheral evidence) elements According to Shostack ’s molecular model, tangible or peripheral evidence refers to the elements possessed as part and parcel of the purchase. In addition to this, these elements have insignificant independent value. In our case, the library membership card will serve as the tangible element. A library membership card is of insignificant value when held outside the library but useful when inquiring at the service enquiry desk in the library. Intangible (Essential evidence) elements These elements exist in service inquiry desk in a library but they can never be possessed by the students. Usually, the intangible elements of service inquiry desk encounter are extremely dominant with regard to its impact on the use of the service by the students (Hoffman, Kelley Rotalsky 2005). The intangible element will include the sudden desire as well as enthusiasm for our services by the students upon the introduction of this new service. Critical incidents for the same service encounter In order to effectively assess the critical incident for the same service encounter, a critical incident technique advanced by Bitner et al (1990) will be used. As such, the technique can be identified as a set of procedures commonly used to collect direct observations pertaining to the way the human beings behave. The behaviours to be considered in the technique should have a critical significance and in addition to this, they must be able to meet the methodically stipulated criteria. Critical incidents arise whenever producers as well as the consumers of the service produce come together in a service encounter (Zeithaml, Bitner Gremler 2006).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The inquiry service enquiry desk is classified as a high involvement personal service and as such, it is in the same class with health care services (Halstead, Drogue Cooper 2003). Such operations as direct examination of both the clinical staff as well as the researchers serve as good examples of health care service encounters. To elaborate this further, using the critical incident technique, there is a possibility that a clinician will be able to learn much about his role within the scope of a clinical setting. Further, the technique is beneficial to the clinician as he will be able to realize more on his practice from a wide coverage role. Taking health care research into consideration, critical incident technique is identified as not only a vital but also a very significant resource. The reason for this is; it assists ideally in the identification of the patient’s experiences in the health care setting. In addition to this, it assists in the exploration of interactions b etween patients and providers. Strategies outline and evaluation In my organization the use of a service enquiry desk by the students is the targeted service encounter and as such, it is not yet operational. Once the service is underway, there are several risks associated. One of the major risks is service failure. Once a service failure surfaces, efforts are made in order for the service to recover from the failure (Palmer 2008). Generally, whether there is a service failure or not, creation of student’s satisfaction should not be overlooked since it is a vital element. This implies that; student’s satisfaction plays a significant role in the development, performance success and the longevity of the service enquiry desk operations. The underlying thing about the entire subject of failure of a service inquiry desk encounter is intriguing. While failures in the operations of the service encounter can prove to be disastrous in a considerable number of circumstances, they present themselves as sources of learning, which are uniquely valuable, for the service encounter operations. With regard to three aspects, it is necessary to establish and evaluate strategies that will make good of the underlying situations. Strategies to prevent service failure Detection of possible failures (Risk Management strategy) In today’s libraries, the need of risk management aspect has been identified. Risk management involves establishing measures to help in detecting potential failures as well as their sources before they surface. For the service enquiry desk encounter, it will involve the visualization of each and every possible reason as to why there might be a failure of the encounter and what should be the most effective way to deal with this failure if it eventually surfaces. In effect, the library manager will have to make attempts of simulating what might come to happen to this library service. Usually, detection of potential failures involves a sequence of events that are likely to happen and therefore working through them. However, one must first understand the sequence before commencing the task. Maintenance The maintenance strategy is considered as the decision as to whether to attempt the task of failure prevention while making use of preventive maintenance or to leave it all and allow the occurrence of failures and thereby making amendments by repairing the failures. For an encounter such as service enquiry desk in a library, prevention strategy rather than breakdown maintenance strategy is more viable considering both the extent of financial forego and continuity of internal library services. Yet most activities pertaining to maintenance in practice are still focused on breakdown maintenance, which is reactive. However, with the rise of knowledge on the aspect of total service encounter maintenance, adherence is being gained (Palmer 2008). In order to prevent failure of service desk enquiry encounter, the detection strategy w ill be mainly focused on. The rationale behind this is that, failures, which are likely to hamper the effective operation of the service, will be established and as such, measures will be put in place and therefore, there will be no difficulty or wastage of time in restoring the operational level of the service if failures actually occur. Recovery from service failure strategies It is not necessarily that the presence of a a service failure means a disaster for the library and the students. If there are efficient strategies put in place to respond to any failure surfacing, aspects such as student’s satisfaction, loyalty as well as trust can increase. According to Halstead, Drogue Cooper (2003), when a company recovers a failed service, commitment as well as trust between an organization and the customer is built and maintained. Students will indeed talk positive things regarding the library and this enhances its image. Provision of the right type of justice strategy From the customer’s perspective, a good service recovery tends to focus extensively on justice as well as fairness. This strategy is usually constituted of three dimensions which include; Distributive justice This is the outcome of the recovery situation. An example of this includes an apology from the person behind the service enquiry desk. Procedural justice This pertains to the way the processes involved in the recovery process works. Interactional justice This pertains to the manner in which the students are treated one of the disadvantages of this strategy is that the students will be dissatisfied with the efforts towards recovery. This is because; while the librarians will exceedingly emphasize the distributive justice, the importance of process as well as interactional justice will be overlooked. Understanding the problem’s scale The underlying fact put into consideration in this strategy is that; it is only through the establishment of the true scale of dissatisfaction of a student that the library management will see and therefore prepare adequately against the crisis of imminent service enquiry desk failure (Berry, Seiders Grewal 2002). This strategy advocates that there is a necessity of the library management establishing a service culture that focuses on engaging with the students while requesting for honest responses irrespective of whether they are painful or friendly in nature. Further, this strategy advocates for finding out what is being rumoured in blogs, and other websites pertaining the inquiry desk services. By getting a clear idea regarding the range of problems that the students are experiencing, the service desk inquiry management can put efforts in defining and therefore prioritizing the areas that need improvement (Hoffman, Kelley Rotalsky 2005). Encouraging complaints from the students This strategy insists that the students who don’t complain are also valuable to the library. In addition to this, the strategy asserts that these students pose a significant extent of danger to the library. Provision of incentives in order to reduce the extent of customer complaints leads to a false believe among the librarians that few complains means an improvement of services while more complains signifies unqualified services. Ensuring student satisfaction with the service Student satisfaction pertains to keeping the students happy with the offerings provided by the service enquiry desk. One of the mistakes that librarians make is that they believe that immediately the service is offered, follow up actions on librarian’s behalf of the students is not necessary. The following are the strategies that ensure that the student is satisfied with the service Start before selling Way before the student purchases the library service, it is necessary that the management of the library makes them feel as if they are the most vital elements around. In addition to this, the library must ensure that the service desk is sufficiently staffed for the sake of enquiries from the students, and as such, this guarantees a pleasant experience for the student prior to assessing the service. Following up on the sale Making follow ups after the student has purchased the service is very essential as it lead to gaining insight both on the library’s levels of service from the client’s perspective as well as reviews and feedbacks concerning the service purchased by the student. Even though the student might use the service, there might be instances where he is not wholly satisfied with the service. If follow up actions are put into place by the library, the situation is easily noted and rectified and the needs addressed. Conclusion and recommendations From this analysis, it is evidently clear that service encounters are the main operational attributes of an organization. As such, service encounters link the customers to the company. According to Shostack’s molecular model, a service encoun ter is constituted of two elements which includes; tangible (peripheral evidence) elements as well as Intangible (Essential evidence) elements. Service encounters are categorized into four with each category constituted with similar levels of service encounters. An example of these is high involvement personal service category constituted by health services as well as personal services (Bitner et al. 1990). Different service encounters in the same category have similar elements and as such, a critical incident technique can be used to establish incident encounters (Halstead, Drogue Cooper 2003). Service encounters are subject to failures and as such, strategies should be put in place to avoid or mitigate these failures. Failure detection as well as maintenance is the most viable strategies used in failure prevention. However, failure detection is the most preferable as it is cost effective. With reference to recovery, the most ideal strategies include; encouraging complaints from t he customers as well as provision of the right type of justice strategy. Blending these strategies is the advisable for any operating company. In order to ensure that the customer satisfaction with the service is enhanced, strategies such as service recommendations, following up on the sale as well as starting before selling. Just like for failure recovery strategies, it is necessary that a Company blends these strategies to fully realize customer satisfaction (Grà ¶nroos 2007). References Berry, L.L, Seiders, K Grewal, D 2002, ‘Understanding Service Convenience’, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 66, no. 3, pp. 1–17. Bitner et al. 1990, ‘The predicament of injustice: The management of moral outrage’, Research in Organizational Behaviour, Vol. 9, pp. 289–319. Carlzon, J 1987, Moments of Truth, Ballinger Books, Cambridge, MA. Grà ¶nroos, C 2007, Service management and marketing: Customer management in service, John Wiley Son, Chichester. Halstead, D, Drogue, C Cooper, MB 2003, ‘Product warranties and post purchase service: A model of consumer satisfaction without complaint resolution’, Journal of Services Marketing, Vol.7 no. 1, pp. 33–40. Hoffman, KD, Kelley, SW Rotalsky, HM 2005, ‘Tracking service failures and employee recovery efforts’, Journal of Services Marketing, Vol. 2, pp. 49–61. Palmer, A 2008, Principles of services marketing, McGraw Hill, Glasgow. Zeithaml, VA, Bitner, M.J Gremler, D.D 2006, Services marketing: Integrating customer focus across the firm, McGraw-Hill Education, Boston, Mass. This report on Service Encounter: Service Enquiry Desk in a Library was written and submitted by user Karlee O. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Selecting a Topic for Your Thesis

Selecting a Topic for Your Thesis A thesis topic must spring from your own energies and interests. The first step toward defining a thesis topic, then, is to determine your primary areas of interest. The role of self-examination in this process is critical. Finding a thesis topic within an area of interest is more difficult. A topic is best formulated as a question. But the questions cannot be too broad, for a topic must have focus. Nor can it be too narrow since the goal of a good thesis is to express thoughts of general importance through detailed analysis of a specific case or cases. Generally speaking, a good thesis topic is interesting to you, to your advisor, and to the research community. As with many aspects of graduate school, the balance you find will depend at least in part on the relationship you have with your advisor. Some professors have well-defined long-term research programs and expect their students to contribute directly to this program. Others have much looser, but still related ongoing projects. If you are unsure about the viability of your topic, you might look at past theses in order to find out what types of projects have been the most successful. Or you may order your thesis with and our professionals will do everything for you.

Allocation of risks between the parties to a contract in Fidic red Assignment

Allocation of risks between the parties to a contract in Fidic red book - Assignment Example FIDIC is regularly publishing standard construction contracts forms, which are just more than traditional construction contract’s forms. One of the salient features of FIDIC contract is that it facilitates the allocation of risk between the contractor and the employer. Red Book of FIDIC states that it has been drafted with sharing of risks between the parties in a construction contract evenly. Risks in a construction contract include unanticipated or poor ground scenarios, performance and operational needs, minimal ownership involvement and design responsibility. Risk can be defined as the probability of peril, loss, injury or damage. In a construction project, risks include loss of the property, injury to the employees, loss of materials, opportunity, finances and personal safety and impact on both corporate repute and personal safety2. In construction contracts, a contractor assumes more risks that may have a direct impact on contract’s completion date or final price. Further, the risks include unanticipated or poor ground situations, minimum performance or operational needs, design accuracy and minimum owner’s involvement in the contract. ... Analysis How Red Book of FIDIC allocates the risk between the parties in a Construction Contract The FIDIC contract recognises the risks in a construction contract and allocates many such risks to the contractor. The main aim is to enable the employer an enhanced certainty of the final project price. Further, Red book also offers more opportunities and time to the contractor to receive and evaluate information pertaining to the risks’ factors in the project. This will enable the contractor to conceive these risks and to offer his price to the project accordingly. Contractors employing the FIDIC Red Book will find is useful to comprehend how the FIDIC documents allocate and classify the various perils so as to forbid the cost overruns and losses that may be sustained on the problematic provinces of the project. Here, the contractor has to consider the risks associate to the capability of the contractor, physical risks, time-associated risks, economic risks, construction and eng ineering risks and other risks3. In Fidic red book, Contractor’s risks are detailed in clause 17.003. The Contractor will be held accountable for the following risks. Any loss or personal injury to employees or property due to Contractor’s wilful act, negligence or breach of contract or personal injury caused due to faulty design by the contractor. Loss caused due to Employer’s privilege to occupy any land or to have work executed. Risk in a construction Contract can be explained through the following chart– Chart 14 In Fidic red book, employer’s risks are detailed in clause 17.4 and also under Force Majeure Clause 19. Under the employer’s risks category, the Contractor is entitled to claim both extension of time and also to recover additional costs from the employer. The

Social Process Theories Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Social Process Theories - Research Paper Example The expansion of the theory of social control through the concept of Social Bond Theory that combines various kinds of bonds such as attachments to friends, family and siblings, commitments to one’s career, success and goals, involvements in sports teams, community services and religious groups and beliefs in honesty, justice and morality, together and justifies why an individual may observe law and order in spite of a variety of illegal activities offered by today’s society. IV. Labeling Theory: An Explanation of the concept of Labeling Theory, its prevalent practice and the corresponding negative consequences of this practice. V. Dramaturgy: An Analysis of the method of Dramaturgical Interviewing, its fundamentals and specifications. Also, a brief description of areas of its application and the criticisms leveled against it. VI. Conclusion: A concluding synopsis of the whole paper. Abstract The objective of this study is to understand the meaning of the term ‘so cial process theories’ and analyze some of the most important types of social process theories like the Social Learning Theory, the Social Control Theory, the Labeling Theory and the concept of Dramaturgy Interviewing. ... All in all, an endeavor had been made in this research paper, to paint an accurate picture of the prevailing social process theories, in the light of their analyzed meanings and their social relevance. Introduction â€Å"Social Process Theories, in Criminology, examine how social processes in the lives of humans influence their criminal behavior.† (Grana, 2010, p.70) These theories stresses that relationships play a vital role in deciding how an individual interacts with the world around him. It is sometimes due to these relations that people commit crimes. The learning of crimes is no different than any other kind of learning and it usually takes place in intimate and closed groups wherein the trade and tools of crime are learned. There are a number of social process theories, some of which we will discuss in detail in the following paragraphs. Social Learning Theory The concept of Social Learning is based on the view that a considerable amount of learning occurs through the observance and imitation of other people’s actions and the resulting consequences of those actions. There is no awareness about whether learning a certain act or trade is positive or negative, it is a non-judgmental process of learning from another being. Research suggests that this imitation of behavior is achieved without much Trial-and-Error processes. A person may imitate another flawlessly in the first chance itself . The person who is being observed or imitated is called a ‘model’ and the process of imitation is called ‘modeling’. Parents, elder siblings, peers, celebrities, all of them and more can serve as models to any given individual. Two individuals showcasing the same kind of behavior implies a common history of

Public School Uniforms Outline Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Public School Uniforms Outline - Assignment Example However, there has been a rise in a group of people opposing the idea. Critics argue that uniforms do not add any value to the education of the students. They argue that most reforms which proponents cling on are not solely because of the use of school uniforms, but a combination of several reform measures taken by the institution (Draa, 2005). The effectiveness of the policies in terms of law and finance is also questioned (Brunsma et al, 1998). The rapid change of clothing trends that target the youth has created problems among the youth, who are mainly the majority in schools and colleges. There is an unending appetite among the youth to appear fashionable among their peers; hence an increase in unscrupulous means of acquiring the clothes (Draa, 2005). Students who cannot afford such lavish dressing may feel inferior in schools; hence the need of uniforms. Uniforms make everyone equal and eliminate the need of unhealthy competition between students in schools. Competition among the students over their appearance results in taunts and even fights (Holloman et al, 1996). The school community is made up of different kind of people, from different backgrounds. Allowing the students to dress up as they wish would make the school environment look chaotic. Different communities have their own unique dress codes; that could be their tradition and due to lack of exposure and tolerance, students wearing them can be ridiculed by others. The administrators ease the social problems, tension and appearance related issues by embracing the use of uniforms (Draa, 2005). The use of school uniforms is for the safety of the children themselves. According to Draa (2005), there are cases where school-age children are robbed or even killed for their shoes and clothes which are of high demand. The role of uniforms in the prevention of violence is framed as a safety issue for the students in schools